Costs and Direct Labor Cost

Midterm2Practice Key 1. The following data have been recorded for recently completed Job 501 on its job cost sheet. Direct materials cost was $3,067. A total of 30 direct labor-hours and 104 machine-hours were worked on the job. The direct labor wage rate is $12 per labor-hour. The company applies manufacturing overhead on the basis of machinehours. The predetermined overhead rate is $11 per machine-hour. The total cost for the job on its job cost sheet would be: A. $4,571 B. $3,757 C. $3,090 D. 3,427 Applied manufacturing overhead = Predetermined overhead rate x Actual machine-hours Applied manufacturing overhead = $11 x 104 Applied manufacturing overhead = $1,144 Total cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Applied manufacturing overhead Total cost of Job 607 = $3,067 + (30 x $12) + $1,144 = $4,571 Loraine Company applies manufacturing overhead to jobs using a predetermined overhead rate of 70% of direct labor cost. Any underapplied or overapplied overhead cost is closed to Cost of Goods Sold at the end of the month. During August, the following transactions were recorded by the company: 2.The amount of direct materials cost in the August 31 Work in Process inventory account was: A. $10,200 B. $9,000 C. $4,800 D. $4,200 3. The Cost of Goods Manufactured for August was: A. $69,600 B. $69,500 C. $76,900 D. $84,500 4. The balance on August 1 in the Raw Materials inventory account was: A. $4,500 B. $7,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,500 5. Schrick Inc. manufactures a variety of products. Variable costing net operating income was $86,800 last year and ending inventory increased by 1,900 units. Fixed manufacturing overhead cost was $6 per unit. What was the absorption costing net operating income last year? A. 86,800 B. $75,400 C. $98,200 D. $11,400 Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $6 x 1,900 = $11,400 Absorption costing net income = Variable costing net operating income + Fixed manufacturing overhead deferred = $86,800 + $11,400 = $98,200 6. Ben Company produces a s ingle product. Last year, the company's net operating income under absorption costing was $4,400 lower than under variable costing. The company sold 8,000 units during the year, and its variable costs were $8 per unit, of which $3 was variable selling expense. Fixed manufacturing overhead was $1 per unit in beginning inventory under absorption costing.How many units did the company produce during the year? A. 12,400 units B. 3,600 units C. 7,120 units D. 7,450 units Unit fixed manufacturing overhead = (Difference in income / Change in inventory) = $4,400 Change in inventory = $1 Change in inventory = 4,400 units Units produced during the year = 8,000 units sold – 4,400 units change in inventory = 3,600 units Ross Company produces a single product. The company has direct materials costs of $8 per unit, direct labor costs of $6 per unit, and manufacturing overhead of $10 per unit. Sixty percent of the manufacturing overhead is for fixed costs.In addition, variable selling and a dministrative costs are $2 per unit, and fixed selling and administrative costs are $3 per unit at the current activity level. Assume that direct labor is a variable cost. 7. Under absorption costing, the unit product cost is: A. $24 B. $20 C. $26 D. $29 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead cost + Fixed manufacturing overhead cost = $8 + $6 + $10* = $24 * Manufacturing overhead cost of $10 includes variable and fixed costs. 8. Under variable costing, the unit product cost is: A. $24 B. $20 C. $18 D. 21 Unit product cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead = $8 + $6 + [$10 x (100% – 60%)] = $8 + $6 + $4= $18 9. Viren Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing system: The company makes 240 units of product T91H a year, requiring a total of 550 machine-hours, 90 orders, and 40 inspection-hours per year. The product's direct materials cost is $16. 98 per unit and its direct labor cost is $12. 09 per unit. According to the activity-based costing system, the average cost of product T91H is closest to: A. $79. 66 per unit B. 90. 81 per unit C. $29. 07 per unit D. $75. 70 per unit 10. Data concerning three of the activity cost pools of Bramhall LLC, a legal firm, have been provided below: The activity rate for the â€Å"meeting with clients† activity cost pool is closest to: A. $125 per meeting hour B. $65 per meeting hour C. $80 per meeting hour D. $665,500 per meeting hour Kleppe Corporation has provided the following data from its activity-based costing accounting system: The â€Å"Other† activity cost pool consists of the costs of idle capacity and organization-sustaining costs that are not assigned to products. 1. How much indirect factory wages and factory equipment depreciation cost would be assigned to the Customer Orders activity cost pool? A. $240,000 B. $72,000 C. $68,000 D. $480,000 12. How much indirect factory wages and f actory equipment depreciation cost would NOT be assigned to products using the activity-based costing system? A. $0 B. $68,000 C. $280,000 D. $200,000 13. In this problem, there are three possible overhead allocation bases: direct labor (present system), machine hours (the proposed system), and number of batches.First, calculate product costs under each of the three allocation schemes: (a). Direct labor cost as the allocation base (present system): Bluethings 120,000 . 50 $60,000 95. 238% 342,857 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 . 50 $3,000 4. 762% 17,143 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units Direct labor/unit Direct labor cost % of total direct labor cost Overhead allocated Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $63,000 360,000 63,000 $486,000 (b). Machine hours as the allocation base (proposed system): Bluethings 120,000 600 200 20 4000 95. 38% $342,857 60,000 60,000 $462,857 $ 3. 857 Graythings 6,000 30 200 1 200 4. 762% $17,143 3,000 3,000 $23,143 $ 3. 857 Total 126,000 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year x number of hours per batch Number of machine hours/year % of total machine hours Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost 4200 $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 (c). Number of batches as the allocation base: Bluethings 120,000 600 200 50% $180,000 60,000 60,000 $300,000 $2. 50 Graythings 6,000 30 200 50% $180,000 3,000 3,000 $186,000 $31. 0 Total 126,000 400 Number of units/year ? number of units/batch Number of batches/year % of total batches Overhead allocated Direct labor cost Direct material cost Total cost Unit cost $360,000 63,000 63,000 $486,000 Notice that allocating overhead by either direct labor or machine hours produces identical product costs. Thus, the proposed system change will not affect decision making. There are two cost drivers in Set-up Company. Unit volume drives direct materials and direct labor, but set-ups (number of batches) appear to drive overhead costs.Allocating overhead using direct labor gives an incorrect impression of how overhead costs vary and distorts product costs. Overhead costs are incurred in setups. While run times per unit of thing is the same for blues and grays, batch sizes differ considerably. In fact, bluethings and graythings each required 200 batches. Therefore, each product line (as opposed to each unit of product) should be allocated an equal dollar amount of overhead. If this is done, then graythings become massive losers and bluethings are seen to be profitable, even with market price of $3 per unit.

Techniques Used in the Great Gatsby

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Britain: Penguin, 1926. 1. Point of view – the view or perspective of how the story is narrated (i. e first person) â€Å"Only Gatsby, the man who gives his name to this book, was exempt from my reaction – Gatsby, who represented everything for which I have an unaffected scorn. † (pg. 8) †¢ This novel is narrated from a first person point of view. Nick Carraway is both a narrator and a character participant in the story.Seen that this novel is mostly about Jay Gatsby and how what happens to his life is narrated to represent general themes, there could be no other narrator than the character who is Gatsby’s neighbor, and someone who declares to be free of any preconceptions or judgments due to an important lesson his father taught him. Nick Carraway seems to be a narrator exempt from bias due to this aspect of his profile, and he leaves clear what are his specific opinions or observations. 2. Tone – throug hout the connotation and denotation of words, it is what gives a mood or attitude to the story No – Gatsby turned out all right at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. † (pg. 8) †¢ The narrator keeps his tone always dry and realistic. This helps the readers understand that even though this seems like a romantic story due to Gatsby’s unconditional love for Daisy and his pursuit for his dream, it is completely sucked in by reality from beginning to end. When the narrator talks about love or dream he does not idealize them by using words with positive connotation.He is clear and concise about the relationship between those who love and how they love. In the example above for example, the narrator clings on to disillusionment and even pessimism as he foreshadows Gatsby’s fate. 3. Imagery – the creation of a mental picture through detailed description â€Å"It eluded us then, but that’s no matter – tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther†¦ And one fine morning – So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. † (pg. 188) †¢ In this passage the author is able to create two clear mental pictures to convey his message.One is of men stretching further and running faster – though we can picture that his true intention is to suggest that mankind is trying to grasp what seems far from their reach, like Gatsby trying to grasp his American Dream throughout five years of his life. The second imagery is of the boat tiredly pushing against the strong current, and with that any reader can understand that individuals have to strive against the repressive society in order to adhere what they truly want. 4. Symbol – using one smaller idea to represent a larger one â€Å"Gatsby believed in the gre en light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. (pg. 188) †¢ The colors in this novel are used to represent greater ideas or they give specific significances to characters’ profiles or the environment in each scene. In this last moment, the green light Gatsby believes in is his dream. The color green itself is a representation of hope or faith. Also, in a specific part of the novel, the light emitting from Daisy’s house has a greenish hue, corroborating the fact that this is what he has longed so much for. 5. Irony – when there is an outcome of events that is opposite to what was expected initially The minister glanced several times at his watch, so I took him aside and asked him to wait for half an hour. But it wasn’t any use. Nobody came. † (pg. 181) †¢ This quote is in relation to Gatsby’s funeral. This can be considered an irony since at the beginning the impression that Nick had about Gatsby was that he had m any friends and was extremely popular due to all the parties he threw at his house. Yet, when he dies and has no longer anything to offer to society, he is alone and none of the plenty of people who came to his parties even cares or remembers him then. 6.Mispronunciation – when words or full sentences are written exactly as they sound to emphasize the tone and profile of the character â€Å"Oh, my Ga-od! Oh, my Ga-od! Oh, my Ga-od! Oh, my Ga-od! † (†¦) â€Å"What you want, fella? † â€Å"What happened? – that’s what I want to know. † â€Å"Auto hit her. Ins’antly killed. † â€Å"Instantly killed,† repeated Tom, staring. â€Å"She ran out ina road. Son-of-a-bitch didn’t even stopus car. † (pg. 145-146) †¢ Being a realistic novel, Fitzgerald compromises to every small detail of reality. In this example, readers can easily see the difference in accent and pronunciation of the three people having a di alogue.The officer, being from a lower social class, and therefore imaginably less educated, skips sounds when he says certain words such as â€Å"ins’antly† instead of instantly, â€Å"fella† instead of fellow and â€Å"stopus† instead of stopped. With these mispronunciations Fitzgerald enables a brief and careless speech. Wilson’s quote (â€Å"Oh, my Ga-od! †) also tells a lot about the character and justifies the murder by the end of the book. He is also part of the rough, low class, uneducated, and in this case angry and desperate.The officer and Wilson stand as contrast to Tom who presents a complete and fluent speech that proves that his wealth bought him education. 7. Repetition – to use the same word, phrase or sentence repeatedly for emphasis or another purpose â€Å"In his blue gardens (†¦) I watched his guests (†¦) or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-boats slit the waters (†¦) On weekends his Rolls-Royce (†¦) while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains. † (pg. 45) †¢ In this passage readers are able to clearly notice the repetition of the possessive pronoun â€Å"his†.Fitzgerald chooses to do this in this specific part because the narrator is describing one of the parties at Gatsby’s house. By repeating that everything is â€Å"his†, or belongs to him, the narrator emphasizes Gatsby’s abundant wealth. Fitzgerald is creating the image of a rich and ostentatious man. 8. Flashback – the narrative of an event outside the present timeline in order to provide background information to the events â€Å"James Gatz – that was really, or at least legally, his name. He had changed it at the age of seventeen (†¦)† (pg. 104) Throughout the novel there are many stories being told about what Jay Gatsby’s past was like, and what made him become who he is now. Gat sby himself tells Nick in the present timeline of the story, a specific version of how he was educated and how he became wealthy. It is finally due to this flashback that the readers learn the accurate story about Gatsby’s life, including how he earned his money. 9. Charactonym – when a character’s name has some significance to his profile in the novel â€Å"I’ve heard it said that Daisy’s murmur was only to make people lean toward her; an irrelevant criticism that made it no less charming. (pg. 15) †¢ The character Daisy Buchanan can be compared to the actual flower â€Å"daisy†. Just like the most common daisy, the one that is yellow on the inside and white on the outside, the character appears to be something that she is not. She uses excessive amount of white powder to prove her purity and innocence, but inside she is sardonic and superficial. Like a flower, she is delicate, charming and beautiful, but throughout the novel she prov es to be interested in wealth and luxury, and underestimates Gatsby’s true love. 10.Dramatic irony – when the readers know something about the plot that one or more characters might not know â€Å"Was Daisy driving? † â€Å"Yes,† he said after a moment, â€Å"but of course I’ll say I was. † (pg. 150) †¢ In this passage the readers find out that even though it was Gatsby’s car being driven, it was actually Daisy who was driving it and who was guilty of killing Myrtle Wilson. If Mr. Wilson had known about this the ending would be different since he would not have killed Gatsby. Daisy’s shallow personality kept her from assuming the blame, and instead she just moved away with Tom to escape from the guilt.

Social Determinants

Health and Wealth The statement, â€Å"people with more money live longer than those who are poor because rich people can afford better health care services† is inadequate. It leaves me to believe that income and health care are the only things that determine one’s health. An individual’s income is one of the social determinants of health that contributes to a person’s own health and has a variety of effects on an individual. Social determinants of health can be defined as the â€Å"economic and social conditions that influence the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole† (Raphael, 2004).The knowledge of the social determinants of health has gone through a vast amount of changes in perspectives as to how society decides to define health. My experiences and readings thus far have not only expanded my understanding of health, but also the economic and social conditions affecting health. From my own personal experiences, I have seen differences between the socioeconomic classes of individuals and their ability to access healthcare. Due to the fact that I am Vietnamese, I have visited Vietnam numerous times and have seen how individuals have lived a very unhealthy lifestyle such as eating the wrong foods and lack of exercising.Before moving to Canada, my parents lived in Vietnam and described how most individuals who were always outside on the streets were often sick and did not know how to take care of themselves because of their lack of knowledge of health. At first I believed that this was due to the lifestyle choices they made, however, studies have shown that these lifestyle choices do not go far in determining health status in contrast to the impact of the social determinants of health.In addition to these studies, when I recently visited Vietnam, I saw that the environment they were living in reflected their income level and health status. According to Raphael (2004), â€Å"socioeconomic status and income status are powerful predictors of health as they serve as indicators of material advantage or disadvantage that accumulate over the lifespan† (75). According to Raphael (2004), â€Å"Health differences among Canadians result primarily from experiences of qualitatively different environments associated with the social determinants of health† (p. 0). Income status is one of the social determinants of health that determines the quality of life associated with working conditions, employment, food security, and education. Usually, when an individual has grown up in a poor environment with inaccessibility to healthcare, their future may already be predetermined for them. In the film â€Å"Unnatural Causes† (California Newsreel, 2008), a woman residing in District 5, named Mary Turner lives in a very poor neighbourhood with three teenage daughters and a disabled husband.In addition to these complications, Mary also has health problems of her own that prevent her from working and making money for her family, which results in a very low income. She cannot afford healthy food because they are generally more expensive, and therefore her family eats meals that are unhealthy and inexpensive. In the film, Mary expresses the fact that â€Å"disadvantaged people are unhealthy. † Out of the four neighbourhoods studied in the film, District 5 is the poorest; this reflects the idea that there is an unequal distribution of resources and income among the population.As McQuaig & Brooks (2010) explains, â€Å"simply living in an unequal society puts one at greater risk of experiencing a wide range of health problems and social dysfunction† (p. 82). This simply explains that one’s health is directly proportional to their income status and overall, the resources that they do or do not have. The relationship between health and wealth should be explained in relation to the social determinants of health. As this relationship becomes cleare r, as does the fact that rich people live longer because they can afford health care in comparison to less wealthy people.References California Newsreel and Vital Pictures (2008). Unnatural Causes. United States: California Newsreel. McQuaid, L. & Brooks, N (2010). Why billionaires are bad for your health. In the Trouble with Billionaires. Toronto: Viking Canada, ISBN 9780670064199, pp. 149-169 of 272. Raphael, D. (2004). Introduction to the Social Determinants of Health. In D. Raphael (Ed. ) The Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc. pp. 1-19 of 435. ISBN 1551302373 Social Determinants Describe what is meant by the term `social determinants of health'. Discuss the evidence of how work has an impact on health. Outline the implications for nursing practice. Introduction The aim of this assignment is to discuss the evidence of the impacts that work can have on an individual's health. Health has been defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (World Health Organisation – WHO, 1946). Therefore, health is viewed as a much broader concept in that it includes social wellbeing.It has long been recognised that social determinants can influence health. There are many social determinants of health, for example food, stress, early life, transport, social gradient, unemployment, social support, addiction and social exclusion. However, the intention of this assignment is to discuss the evidence of the impact of work, as a social determinant, on health. Secondly, this assignment will explore the wo rk of Babbage, Taylorism and Fordism in relation to the influence on the development of work.The discussion will also include how work within the UK has changed over the last 20 to the 30 years and a description and evidence of the effects of paid and unpaid work as well as the boundaries between the two will also be illustrated. Lastly, the implications of work as a social determinant of health for nursing practice will be outlined. Main body Social Determinants of Health Social determinants of health are the economic and social conditions under which individual's live which can determine their health.WHO (1946) have identified ten different social determinants (stated in the introduction) of health that can all have an effect on a person's physical and mental wellbeing. The identification and research of social determinants of health have helped extend awareness and encourage action from healthcare workers and advocates. According to Drever and Whitehead (1997) in studies of socia l inequalities of health, the most frequently used indirect indicators of social and economic conditions are an individual's occupation, education or income and how these factors influence their lifestyle and wellbeing. Social Determinants Health and Wealth The statement, â€Å"people with more money live longer than those who are poor because rich people can afford better health care services† is inadequate. It leaves me to believe that income and health care are the only things that determine one’s health. An individual’s income is one of the social determinants of health that contributes to a person’s own health and has a variety of effects on an individual. Social determinants of health can be defined as the â€Å"economic and social conditions that influence the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole† (Raphael, 2004).The knowledge of the social determinants of health has gone through a vast amount of changes in perspectives as to how society decides to define health. My experiences and readings thus far have not only expanded my understanding of health, but also the economic and social conditions affecting health. From my own personal experiences, I have seen differences between the socioeconomic classes of individuals and their ability to access healthcare. Due to the fact that I am Vietnamese, I have visited Vietnam numerous times and have seen how individuals have lived a very unhealthy lifestyle such as eating the wrong foods and lack of exercising.Before moving to Canada, my parents lived in Vietnam and described how most individuals who were always outside on the streets were often sick and did not know how to take care of themselves because of their lack of knowledge of health. At first I believed that this was due to the lifestyle choices they made, however, studies have shown that these lifestyle choices do not go far in determining health status in contrast to the impact of the social determinants of health.In addition to these studies, when I recently visited Vietnam, I saw that the environment they were living in reflected their income level and health status. According to Raphael (2004), â€Å"socioeconomic status and income status are powerful predictors of health as they serve as indicators of material advantage or disadvantage that accumulate over the lifespan† (75). According to Raphael (2004), â€Å"Health differences among Canadians result primarily from experiences of qualitatively different environments associated with the social determinants of health† (p. 0). Income status is one of the social determinants of health that determines the quality of life associated with working conditions, employment, food security, and education. Usually, when an individual has grown up in a poor environment with inaccessibility to healthcare, their future may already be predetermined for them. In the film â€Å"Unnatural Causes† (California Newsreel, 2008), a woman residing in District 5, named Mary Turner lives in a very poor neighbourhood with three teenage daughters and a disabled husband.In addition to these complications, Mary also has health problems of her own that prevent her from working and making money for her family, which results in a very low income. She cannot afford healthy food because they are generally more expensive, and therefore her family eats meals that are unhealthy and inexpensive. In the film, Mary expresses the fact that â€Å"disadvantaged people are unhealthy. † Out of the four neighbourhoods studied in the film, District 5 is the poorest; this reflects the idea that there is an unequal distribution of resources and income among the population.As McQuaig & Brooks (2010) explains, â€Å"simply living in an unequal society puts one at greater risk of experiencing a wide range of health problems and social dysfunction† (p. 82). This simply explains that one’s health is directly proportional to their income status and overall, the resources that they do or do not have. The relationship between health and wealth should be explained in relation to the social determinants of health. As this relationship becomes cleare r, as does the fact that rich people live longer because they can afford health care in comparison to less wealthy people.References California Newsreel and Vital Pictures (2008). Unnatural Causes. United States: California Newsreel. McQuaid, L. & Brooks, N (2010). Why billionaires are bad for your health. In the Trouble with Billionaires. Toronto: Viking Canada, ISBN 9780670064199, pp. 149-169 of 272. Raphael, D. (2004). Introduction to the Social Determinants of Health. In D. Raphael (Ed. ) The Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc. pp. 1-19 of 435. ISBN 1551302373

14 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

14 - Coursework Example Piccinini has on several occasions shed light on the human-animal hybrid form of identity through his animal like sculptors that resemble human traits. There are two mechanisms of describing identities of people, places and things. These include both imaging and text descriptions. In as much as both mechanisms share the practice that close attention is to be paid to the full details of the person or place, they differ in the sense that text description requires that all the five senses be put into use (Bridwell et.al 192). On the other hand, imaging requires the use of the sense of sight, a factor that makes it easier for a person, place or thing be easily recognized. Amidst these differences however, it is of great significance to recognize the fact that text descriptions are appealing because they provide vivid descriptions of people or places. This helps not only in painting the pictures of the people being described, but their feelings as

Qualitative critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualitative critique - Essay Example The study population is well defined; old people with multiple sclerosis (Ploughman et al., 2012). The abstract outlines the purposes, methods used to conduct the study, the results of the data collected, and the conclusions. The abstract in this study is in itself adequate. It presents the whole research from the objectives of the research, through the whole process and presents a conclusion of study at the end. The highlights on the purposes of the study outline what the study is all about, and this is critical in the beginning of any research where the reasons for conducting the research should be presented to the readers before the main body to give the guidelines on what to expect. The outlines on the methods used and the results of the data collected give the reader insight on the whole process and all the techniques applied during the research operation. The conclusions in the abstract highlight the whole process operations, findings and recommendations. The abstract gives an overview of the whole research paper; from the introduction through to conclusion (Fong, Finlayson, & Peacock, 2006). The researchers, Michelle Ploughman and the clue are from the Eastern Health faculty of medicine from the Memorial University. They work in coalition with the people who are disabled of St. John’s Newfoundland from the Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland. From the institutions they work with, it is clear that they are closely affiliated with the medical field. The institutions that these companies work with are well reputed in matters dealing with medicine and hence they can undertake the studies on patients suffering from multiple sclerosis. Also, the study was supported by the personnel in the faculty of medicine, Memorial University. Also, the authors had the support of Center of the Applied Health Research in Canada and the healthcare foundation. This further indicates clearly that the researchers were qualified to undertake the study to warrant the support of the reputable departments from the faculty of medicine. This is an article in Physiotherapy journal, Canada, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 6-17 (Ploughman et al., 2012). The problem in this research has been stated clearly. It is stated that the problem has been more prevalent among women more than in men. Some years after the diagnosis, we learn that the course becomes chronologically progressive, and after twenty years, most people rely on mobility aids. As a result, there is a need for carrying out research to facilitate the understanding on the natural history of the MS management from the perspective of older people and help the older people as well as to help the participants alleviate fearful feelings associated with MS diagnosis. The research team decided on a qualitative study after considering the aims of the study, they also considered the literature, advocacy and discussions with MS patients. The philosophical underpinning in this research is demonstrated where the effo rts by health providers are described as uni-lateral, misdirected and futile hence the need for establishing how to help people suffering from MS, to enhance self-management. The health professionals are called upon to facilitate self-management instead of obscuring it (DalMonte, Finlayson, & Helfrich, 2004). The purpose of the research is explicitly defined. It is clearly stated in the abstract that the study sought for exploring the experience of older people who are ageing with multiple sclerosis in order to describe the self-management history

Theater Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theater - Research Paper Example According to Stanton and Banham (1996), the first recorded theater of this type was a performance held in Egypt in 2500 BC enacting one of the sacred plays of the myth of Osiris and Isis. In the west, though, the beginning of theater is generally recognized as having its start in Ancient Greece, resurging going into the Renaissance and changes coming into the modern age. Greek theater history starts with Thespis, apparently a playwright whose name is recorded in history as the first winner of the play competition in honor of Dionysus in 534 BC (Wicker, 2004). It is from Greek theater that we get most of our current conventions, language and definition. In Greek theater, the play was generally narrated by a chorus who would let the audience know what they were supposed to be seeing and the background information of the story being told. Sometimes they took part in the action as they interacted with the principle characters. Under Greek influence, the theater developed into two major camps – the comedies and the tragedies. Major playwrights in the ancient period were Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes and Menander (Wicker, 2004). These men did much to develop theater into a fully-told story complete with actors, histories and a somewhat scientific approach to the development of story. As the Greek society began to fade, the rising Ro mans adopted their entertainment and brought it into further development. Some of the famous playwrights of this period included Terence and Plautus (Wicker, 2004). Like the Greeks, the Romans generally performed their plays in large amphitheaters where the audience would sit on graduated rows of horseshoe-shaped terraces while the actors would perform on a stage set at the base of these rows in the center of the pinched horseshoe opening. Unlike the Greeks, the Romans reduced the importance of their plays to

Worthly Goal Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Worthly Goal Scholarship - Essay Example In fact, children and adults of our family would be eager to receive second helpings of the various dishes prepared by my grandmother. This is a great legacy and it is my heartfelt desire to continue the tradition established so painstakingly by her. Gradually, I also began the highly enjoyable activity of cooking. This has provided me with immense pleasure, and my greatest reward are the beaming faces that I see at the table, where samples of my cooking are being served. In high school, I took home economics. This came to me naturally, and I truly enjoyed this course. Cooking requires patience, attention to detail, concentration on the job on hand, and a true love for the persons for whom you are cooking. I garnered this knowledge about obtaining expertise in cooking from several redoubtable cooks, and also from my grandmother, who was perhaps the best culinary expert that I have encountered. Furthermore, I was exposed at an early age to the suffering of the sick. This great trait I inherited from my mother who is a dedicated and knowledgeable nurse. She has expressed her love for providing care, and for helping and healing the infirm. Another factor that developed a strong urge in me to take up nursing was the care that I had the opportunity to provide to a person afflicted with AIDS. This activity lasted 16 years and has made me a staunch believer in the nobility of the nursing profession. As stated by me with regard to cooking, I detest any activity that causes injury or grief to others. Now, cooking, when done properly and with love, provides immense pleasure to those who partake of it. Moreover, nursing also has such features. A sincere, knowledgeable, experienced, skilled and kind hearted nurse can make her patients very happy. Thus, even the terminally ill will smile when they see such a nurse. This is truly awe inspiring and verges on the miraculous. It is my intention to become such a nurse,

Native People of North America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Native People of North America - Assignment Example This are spirits being used in the western religious practices and pueblo cosmology. There are personification spirits of things existing in the real world. It can represent anything in the natural world from location, concept, and revered ancestor to an element or a quality. There are more than 300 kachinas in pueblo culture. Real Hopi katsinas/kachinas have changed to suit the contemporary world. Today, curving have been termed Hopi katsinas/kachinas for business purposes changing the meaning and originality of the culture of the Hopi people. Natchez are Native American people who are believed to have a Mississippi origin. They have unique language that has isolated them from their close relatives. They have a distant resemblance to the Muskogean languages. Thus, their unique language is a facet towards maintaining their originality. The other unique characteristic of the Natchez is the unusual social system. The system is composed of exogamous marriage and nobility classes. The Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin was given the rights to the nation by the government’s legal process known as the Indian Treaties. These treaties were granted by the house of congress. Congress vested its powers to overthrow all the historical Indian treaty legislation. This took place when they refused to agree to its promise of granting the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin treaty rights to own their lands in 1830. The congress legislation to eliminate the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin overrode all Indian Treaties. This is an example of plenary authority. Their accomplishments are preserving their native culture and language, improving their educational opportunities and protecting their environment. 3. Reservation gaming helps nationwide collection of revenues from fee charged from gaming projects. This revenue is used to build schools and colleges as we as investing in drug and alcohol treatment programs. 2. Despite that

Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internet - Essay Example The living standards of the public increased a lot as a result of the introduction of internet. Nobody has any doubt about the contributions of internet in enhancing communication. No other medium is capable of communicating with people as quickly as internet does. Social networking services like facebook, myspace, orkut etc are helping the people to share information instantly and effectively in a virtual world. When it comes to instant communication, internet always gets priority over other channels of communication. Communication is an area in which internet brought revolutionary changes in the society. Earlier, print sources, television, radio etc were the prominent media of communication in the society. However, these media are incapable of delivering instant information to the public as internet does. Newspapers and televisions require enough time to collect news, edit it, and print/transmit it to the readers/viewers. On the other hand, internet is capable of delivering the new s instantly to the public. ... The difficulties and problems associated in locating specific information in newspapers or printed sources have been eliminated with the introduction of electronic media like internet. It is easy for the readers to eliminate unwanted information quickly so that they can concentrate more only on the specific information they were searching for while using internet. It is a fact that most of the newspapers contain large number of advertisements and the retrieval of specific information from newspaper is difficult. Internet provides answer to such messed up reading styles; it helps the readers to avoid unwanted things instantly and to locate the required information instantly. The enhancement of communication using internet resulted in the development of new life styles in the society. Earlier, people visit the houses of their friends and relatives to exchange their regards and greetings. Now all such things are happening in the virtual world. For sending, birth day greetings, wedding i nvitations and greetings etc people are making use of internet. It is a fact that virtual socializing gives enough flexibility in sending greetings and conveying ideas. The introduction of internet and the subsequent development of social networking services helped the people to increase their virtual socializing activities more than their real face to face socializing activities. It is possible to communicate with anybody through internet even when a person travels from one place to another. Audio and video conferencing facilities provided by internet help people to communicate with others just like a face to face meeting. â€Å"The mobile workforce requires people to travel more frequently for work, leaving friends and family behind, and

Case Study ( see uploaded files) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Case Study ( see uploaded files) - Assignment Example Continuous communication and consultation with the leads of major sectors can compensate for their absence on the  planning  team. A difference is made between the focus and level of detail in  strategic  plan elements and what is granted in each department/programs annual goals and action steps. However, a glossary was part of the  strategic  plan, "goals," "objectives," and "action steps" were not discussed. On the other hand, there were some misunderstandings about how these  strategic  plan factors fit together. Use the  planning  committee members to draft everything up to the point of assignment of responsibility and the specific action steps/strategies for achieing the objectives. Such an exercise allows the proper department heads to draft these more detailed statements. If this is not workable, at least include department leads by having them co-ordinate to the committees work. Reading about the theory and mechanics of  strategic  planning  and reviewing other libraries  strategic  plans, however, are only the first steps toward achieving a workable plan for ones own library and garnering sufficient support to make the plan a reality. According to Edward R (1996) Nestle puts continuously its efforts to understand the better changing lifestyle of people and predict the needs of consumer in order to provide Health and Wellness, Nutrition and Taste through its offerings of the product. The culture of renovation and innovation within the company can access to the group of Nestles brands/technology expertise. They also affect the centralized facilities of the Research and Development which gives a distinct advantage of efforts. It helps the company to create a value that can be supported over the long term by offering the customers a wide variety of high quality safe products of food at affordable price. Brown L R (1991) says that Nestle manufactures the products of the international quality under

What factors makes young online customer satisfied Essay

What factors makes young online customer satisfied - Essay Example As a consequence, a large amount of money has not only been put in marketing the products that companies have to offer but also in their improvement to make them more attractive to young customers. The marketing of products for young online consumers should not only be done at a local level, but the marketing campaigns of Reel Tributes, for example, are also be done at a regional, national, and international level. This is the best way to ensure that the products reach a wider audience than they would normally have if marketing were done at only the local level. While online marketing targeting young customers can be considered an important tool that can be used by companies, such as Reel Tributes, to gain an understanding of their customers who buy their products, it is not necessarily the only one. This process has to be augmented by this company ensuring that there are open lines of communication available between them and their young customers throughout that ensure that there is an understanding, which helps in the determination of a good and effective relationship. When conducting online marketing, the company’s management must ensure that each customer is given a perspective of the product that is thoughtful and careful so that the customer can make an accurate assessment of it. In order for an online marketing strategy for a product to be successful, the company must display a willingness to conduct a type of marketing that is both constructive and objective (Bailey 2012, p.24). In addition, Reel Tributes must ensure that it creates a situation where its customers display a willingness to take positively all the suggestions that are made to them, and to be able to work with the company to ensure that the products they receive are enhanced to their satisfaction. The professionalism of the marketing staff should enable the various companies making the product to compete effectively against other companies attempting to market similar products and i n fact, it gives these companies an edge over others. An organization should always aim at being the best in the marketing of its products, especially those meant for young customers, so that the ranking of its competitors in the marketing business should show the top quality of work that is done within it. The marketing of products for online customers should be done using all the media available, both visual and print, to ensure that a much wider audience is reached than anticipated. This will guarantee the success of the product within the market for a long time since the marketing strategy adopted would be one, which retains the attention of its audience. One of the best means through which the product can be marketed is online since there are billions of users of the internet who would be a ready audience. Most of those who use the internet today are young people and these are more likely than not to choose to make purchases online as well as be audiences for the online marketi ng strategies that various companies may choose to use. Because the internet is a leading tool in marketing, this is where most companies and other institutions go to when they need to acquire products for the use of their clients, marketing online ensures that clients stay up to date with the current product so that they are able to get the best out of it. The marketing of products aimed at young online consumers has become wide as a concept and has developed into a set of practices under

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay Example for Free

Biblical Worldview Essay Essay Introduction/Thesis The Bible’s New Testament book of Romans, chapters 1-8, provides a fundamental perspective and useful resource on how God desires to shape our worldview. A biblical worldview in a society that gravitates to a sinful nature can be a challenge. Paul, however, provides insight that may not encompass every theological truth, but provides the basis of establishing a biblical worldview. Specifically, these chapters provide the essence of how Christians should view the natural world, human identity, human relationships, and culture. The Natural World Paul’s description of a worldview of the natural world is supported in the Bible several times. The book of Genesis begins with God’s creation of the heavens and earth as described in Genesis 1:1. Romans 1:20 also supports God as the master creator by explaining, â€Å"For ever since the world was created, people have seen the earth and sky. Through everything God made, they can clearly see his invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature. So they have no excuse for not knowing God.† (NLT) But, because of man’s sinful nature, people turn away from Him and deny His power and divinity. In Romans 1:21-23 Paul states, â€Å"For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images made to look like a mortal human being and birds and animals and reptiles.† (NIV) Despite the evidence of God’s existence, people turned away from Him, worshipped idols, and continued to relish in sin. Human Identity God created man in His image and put mankind over the rest of His creation. In fact, God has ranked man just a little lower than the angels and has anointed us with His glory and honor (Psalms 8:5). So, why is it we have an identity crisis? It is because of sin, we have fallen out of God’s grace. Romans 3:10 states, â€Å"There is no one righteous, not even one.† (NIV) It is through Adam’s sin that we are all now held in God’s contempt. God understands man is bound by his sinful nature. But, Paul describes our  opportunity for redemption in Romans Chapter 8:1-2, â€Å"Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus, because through Christ Jesus the law of the Spirit who gives life has set you free from the law of sin and death.† (NIV) â€Å"Although the ‘law of sin and death’ is more powerful than our moral will-power, the ‘law of the Spirit of life’ more powerful than the ‘law of sin and death’. It has the power to liberate us.† (DeLashmutt) Through Jesus Christ, we are able to reclaim our human identity as God’s children. Human Relationships Human relationships have been tainted with sin since Adam and Eve. God has provided other human relationships as a gift to us. It’s through these human interactions we demonstrate God’s love through us. Though human nature leans toward sin, especially in dealing with human relationships. Our refusal to acknowledge God will allow us to fulfill our own sinful hearts and desires. These selfish motivations lead us to fulfill the desires of our heart instead of the desires of God’s heart. In Romans 1:18-32, Paul provides a detailed description of the wickedness and immorality of the people. Sin is what separated us from God and a relationship with Him in the first place. God restored this, however, through our gift of salvation in Jesus Christ. Jesus’s life and human relationships, as described in throughout the Gospel, provide a perfect example of the biblical perspective on human relationships. Culture The biblical worldview on culture that Paul describes in Romans is a society that has systematically imploded. Romans 1:26-31 provides explicit detail on the Roman culture at that time. Sin was running rampant through the society. People knew God and they rejected Him anyway. This type of sinful nature and blatant rejection of God spread throughout the culture. (Romans 1:32) People were determined to live in defiance of God and by their own legalistic views of the law. Paul stated that those under the law were lawless because the people abused the law to provide selfish gains or as a means to stand in judgement of another, especially the Gentiles. God meant for the law to be good, but man manipulated it to his own advantage. On the contrary, obedience demonstrates humility. Paul states in Romans 5:19, † For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners,  so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous.† (NIV) The philosophy in this scripture supports God’s desire for us to be the light in the world to shape our culture for His purpose and not our own. Paul maintains that the grace that we as Christians are under was achieved by one Man’s (Jesus’) righteous act (Rom. 5:18). (McCracken) Conclusion I believe that Paul’s epistle is just as relevant today and it was in his time. Paul’s thoughts and insight provide sound perspective for biblical worldviews for believers to mature in their faith. These biblical worldviews about our natural world, human identity, human relationship and culture are applicable to current believers because human nature has not changed. These messages are just as relevant to us today because there is still sin in the world that will not end until the Second Coming of Christ. In the meantime, we can use Romans 1-8 as a guide to align our biblical worldviews with God’s heart. Paul’s perspective on biblical worldviews, such as these, are just one of the many gems we can get from the Word. References DeLashmutt, G. Walking by the Spirit Part 1. Teaching Series from Romans. Retrieved on 5/1/15 from http://www.xenos.org/teachings/?teaching=527. McCracken, R. (April 20, 2014). The Difference Between Legalism and Obedience. Bible Study with Randy. Retrieved on May 2, 2015 from http://www.biblestudywithrandy.com/2014/04/know-difference-legalism-obedience-romans-5-8/.

Police Department Roles And Functions

Police Department Roles And Functions The principle roles of law enforcement organizations are to go after individuals that have committed a crime. However, they have other roles as well; they are to enforce the law from enforcing speed limit laws to civil and criminal laws. Law enforcement officers are able to write tickets give a mere warning or even arrest someone for a criminal offense. A law enforcement officer is the first to respond to a call that has been dispatched to 911 calls, to prevent a crime such as a domestic abuse call or criminal or suspicious activity that may be going on. There are different divisions with in the departments in solving a crime that range from the detectives to the forensic division. An officer also makes sure that the public is safe by educating them about the laws and informing the public when there is criminal activity in the area. A law enforcement officer has a set of responsibilities that all intertwine with each other. The police help to protect the peace by enforcing laws and helping to prevent crime. Their main responsibilities are to enforce the law, arrest a criminal offender, prevent crime from occurring, preserve the peace, and to provide service. To enforce the laws efficiently a police officer needs to know the laws and understand the communitys priorities about the more important laws. When approaching someone that has broken the law, the officer has to apprehend the offender as safe as possible. When an officer of the law reduces crime and foresees a risk for crime, they improve the trust of the community and their safety. When there is an officer present it helps preserve the peace of the community. Services that law enforcement officers provide consist of but not limited to would be helping someone who is lost, helping with a vehicle that is broke down, a medical emergency and also in times of v ictimization. (UOPX 2012) In order for the police departments to accomplish all of their goals they have several operational strategies they need to use. These strategies consist of preventive patrol, routine incident response, emergency response, criminal investigations, problem solving, and support services. Having an officer present in the community helps in deterring criminal activity, gives an officer a faster response time and the citizens in the community feel safer. Routine incident response is an important service because it helps an officer get hold of information, disrupt any criminal activity, and to provide a sense of security in the community. Medical emergencies and natural disasters generally take precedence over other police duties. Law enforcement officers spend a very little amount of time on investigative activities. The first responders secure the crime scene, give emergency help, and gather up evidence. Being able to understand and predict criminal activity helps to solve or avoid many s ocial problems. There are various kinds of law enforcement agencies from local police departments to federal agencies. The local police consist of, county, municipal, tribal, and the regional police that gain their authority from the local judicial system. The leading reason for this is to uphold the laws in the community to prevent crime from occurring to preserve the peace and investigate crimes that have been committed locally. The duties of the state police generally include the highway patrol and investigations throughout the state. There are states that only have only highway patrol with the sole purpose of investigating crimes which is a different unit called the state bureau of investigation. The state police also aid with the local police in many investigations or emergencies that go out past the resources and jurisdictional limitations of the local police department. The Federal law enforcement agencies can enforce both federal laws as well as state laws all through the United States and t hey also have power of all police rights throughout the United States Code. The majority of the law enforcement officers that are employed by federal agencies are not typically called police officers; however they are officially selected as Special Agents. The Federal government has a vast amount of law enforcement agencies throughout the countless departments and divisions with a multitude of roles and responsibilities. There are some federal law enforcement agencies that are well known, such as the United States Marshals service (USMS), U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Federal Air Marshal Service (FAM), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) United States Secret Service (USSS), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Each one of the federal agencies has extremely diverse roles and responsibilities within law enforcement. (Terry, K and Grant, H 2012) The USMS has an array of duties, which include protecting federal judiciary, Witness Security Program, confiscating property that has been obtained through illegal activities by criminals, serving warrants for the federal courts and transporting criminals and arresting fugitives. The FBIs core focus is to protect and defend the United States, to implement all of the laws of the United States, as well as to offer leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and their partners. The most important role and responsibility of the drug enforcement administration is to look into and get evidence ready for the prosecution of major criminals that buy and sell illegal drugs in the United States as well as internationally. The U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives main role is with the licensing, investigation, and control over Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. ATF works with the FBI when both sides of expertise are needed. A well-known case that came to the attention of the public was the involvement of the two agencies with David Koreshs Branch Davidian cult in Waco, Texas. It was the ATF that was originally called to the Koresh compound, beginning the standoff that led to the death of seventy-one individuals (Terry, K and Grant, H 2012). There are a variety of patrol work which includes aggressive patrol, bicycle patrol, directed patrol, harbor patrol, high-risk traffic and horse patrol, integrated patrol, motorcycle patrol, proactive patrol, routine patrol, saturation and water patrol. It all depends on what type of area is being patrolled is to what kind of patrol is used. However, the two patrol methods that are used the most are vehicle patrol and foot patrol. The role and function of patrol work is to protect and defend the lives of citizens and their property, to repress criminal and offending behavior identifying and apprehending criminal offenders, to maintain traffic flow and reduce accidents, and to ensure the safety of the public. (Terry, K and Grant, H 2012)

Strategic Management Project Shell

Strategic Management Project Shell COMPANY: SHELL Introduction Shell is one of the worlds leading energy group and petrochemicals companies. It has around102000 employees in more than 100 countries. The objectives of the Shell Group are to engage efficiently, responsibly and profitably in oil, oil products, gas, chemicals and other selected businesses and to participate in the search for and development of other sources of energy to meet evolving customer needs and the worlds growing demand for energy. Mission Statement Shells innovative approach ensures that they are ready to tackle the challenges of new energy futures. 1.1 Topic of investigation having a strategic implication. This report explains the team buildings and teams work in Shell and development of its research work progress within the organization. It also presents suitable analysis of the project management and planning, advisory and project implementation of work. In this report, positive results of theories and its test showed that effective teamwork can lead to a success and achieving critical goals of Shell. It may also be able to gain the sustainability of competitiveness. Moreover, study explains that how team performance can be improved through leadership with project planning to face the upcoming challenges in modern era of business environment Shell operates in. 1.2 The aim, scope and objectives of the project. How can we improve Shells research study about lubes oil? What strategy we should adapt for improving Shells research? How and effective team force can be made for this purpose? The aim of the project is to achieve such team management, technology and resources that meet the new emerging energy challenges. Shell need to adapt such management strategies which will make a strong workforce with experienced and skilful team members. Shell wants to be recognised as a great company-competitive successfully and a force for progress. Shell has a fundamental belief that they can make a difference in the world because of its worth in the global market. A strong consumer proposition has been developed for the brand and embodied in the line World Quality which communicates Shell value-based offering in a precise manner, to its core target audience. The purpose of the advertising in the first instance is to support this strong value proposition and secondly to tailor the media solution to the store. 1.3 Justifying the scope, aim and objective. In meeting the energy challenges, the world faces three hard truths. The first is that there has been a step-change in global energy demand, with rapidly developing countries like China and India entering the energy-intensive phase of growth. Even with huge improvements in energy efficiency and substantial growth in renewables, fossil fuels will still be the main element of the energy mix by mid-century. The second hard truth is that easy-to-access oil and gas is in decline. As a result, energy will come increasingly from unconventional sources, such as oil sands. The third hard truth is that the increased burning of fossil fuels especially coal for power generation could mean unacceptably high emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. Meeting the energy challenge Shell is helping to meet the energy challenge with a broad range of approaches. It uses advanced technologies that can unlock oil and gas in more remote or hostile environments, and new techniques to extend the lives of existing fields. We are increasing production from unconventional sources, including oil sands. Shell helps make the most of cleaner-burning natural gas through our output of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and gas to liquids (GTL) products. We are helping to develop second-generation bio fuels that do not compete with food crops; and we are developers of wind and solar power. 1.4 Evaluation of project research methodology. Methodolgy Research Study should be verified by seniors because all research is based on practical data and that data may vary by location of the research and by person. Need to Understand the Hypothesis before research and development. Which department are more feasible and which person is more interested and suitable for that research. Research should be complete on time. Research conduct at same time on different locations 2.1 Identify sources of data and information that will support the aim of the project. For a company like Shell having the right information about the environment, customs, laws and customer needs is of key importance. To gather this information the company will firstly see the law of the country in which it is going to start business, as we are talking about their business in UK the law allows this business. Here in UK there is a high demand it is a rich environment for the company to run their business. Data about this can be obtained by doing surveys and examining the current market i.e. by observing the similar businesses running in the country. Scanning the Environment In this research study, an appropriate approach of environmental scanning is considered in the industrial organisations that are operating in the chemical industry. Different types of information were used in this study. It included general information about the industry and specific about the participating companies. The type of data that was included was; Formal data that concerns the companys character. Data that is publicly available, like in annual reports. Interviews of managers that provided the history and culture of the companies. This information was very important to analyse and research the topic and to see how other companies are operating in the industry. Strauss (1987) emphasizes the usefulness of the case study approach when used with grounded theory. Grounded theory seeks to generate theoretical statements and, ultimately, complex theories based on empirical evidence, although it can be used in different ways and reach various degrees of complexity. The research design framework adopted in this study can be described as a multiple case study, composed according to the theory building structure, as described by Yin (1989), i.e., where the sequence of chapters follow a theory-building logic, and using the grounded theory method of qualitative data analysis. 2.2 Synthesise the data and information for options or alternatives that support the project aims. An effective information infrastructure was implemented to assess the information required in this research, which included technological information, processes and information acquired by people. A rich collection of scientific and technical information was gathered, which was managed by professionals having different backgrounds. However, some companies just provided a consistent picture which was a small collection made up of journals, literature and reports mainly. The information being pervasive is one of the main reasons in having difficulty in accounting for the costs involved in the research as it depends on specific roles and their performance. The data that was collected showed that in medium or large chemical companies data and information was being handled by 50% staff while in smaller companies about 9% staff was involved. The scope of the companies was assessed by their links with Research and Development organisations and hoe they collaborate with the regulatory agencies. Strategic change Larger companies like Shell influence the planning adoption but some other factors also interfere with the tendency, for example in what form the organisation is and what is the management style of the organisation. No evidence was found that suggests that the subsector companies should adopt the planning technique as a planning tool. While, the planning offices are also rare and their main duty is to collect the difficult data which is needed by the top management for decision making. The strategic change analysed mainly talked about increasing the quality of the product, which includes mainly improving the conditions of production. Environmental protection was also an issue in some cases there were highly pollutant industries. Globalisation and diversification were also some important strategic changes. Companies that targeted globalization pursued growth in the industry but some companies just secured their positions in the internal market due to the threat of major competitors operating in the main market. Companies which had a little scope of growth adopted specialization. The main target was to improve the product quality. Some companies claimed that they always pursue improving the production quality while other companies admitted that they have to improve the quality of the product to satisfy the EC regulations. 2.3 Determine an option or alternative that supports the project aims. Other way of supporting the project aim is to use theoretical information and implement it directly on the company. Information is like team management theories. Inductive and deductive research can be used to gather information and to move towards the aim. Deductive research Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a top down approach. Conclusion follows logically from premises Inductive research Inductive reasoning works the other way moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a bottom up approach. Conclusion is likely based on premises..It involves a degree of uncertainty. Inductive type based on induction. Data is collected on a subject and researcher tries to develop theory from this data. 3.1 Evaluate the research analysis to enable conclusions to be made. Team Management It is difficult to build a team and maintain good working relationships. However, team members go through a number of development stages to work together effectively in team performance management. Individuals performing well are rewarded while those who are not performing good are motivated. The functions and roles of its members should be recognised by its team. The leader should establish continuous communication lines and set clear goals that are understood. A team that performs well accomplishes projects quickly and with less difficulty, misunderstanding, and divergence. Strategic Objectives Strategic goals or objectives are broad, high level aims, derived from organisations mission statement and purpose, affecting the whole organization (sometimes referred to as corporate aims). These will be: Long term (time horizon of several years), although they should be monitored regularly (typically annually) and may be revised periodically. Responsive to external factors such as new competition, changes in global economic conditions, or customer demands. The term strategic denotes a particular focus of the managers planning and decision making responsibilities. Senior mangers focus mostly on why questions, concentrating on the big picture and providing vision and leadership for employees across the whole organisation. Alignment of team performance and corporate goals To achieve the corporate aims it is necessary that the direction of the teams is towards the long term strategic goal. Managers and team leaders have to keep in mind what they need to achieve overall. And hence, to control the teams in such a way that either they are working on long projects or short its all adding up to the final goal. In the case of Shell the main objective of the company is to provide good quality chemicals. To achieve this there has to be a proper direct and control system of the staff working at the stores from the top management to the staff working on the floor. A good communication and understanding will always lead to easy achievement of goals, satisfying the customer at the end. Mangers are supposed to take into account the demand and supply of the products to make sure every product is available on time and then work should be allocated to the subordinates in a proper system to get all the work done systematically and easily. Proper team management should be done by the supervisors and the team leaders. All the staff should be divided into small teams which have to work in different sections. Proper training should be given to all the team members and a standard way of achieving the goal. This performance target should be given to all the team members and should be monitored and reviewed constantly. This standard should be according to the company policy and should be according to health and safety and customer satisfaction oriented. Providing good work at the end of every shift, which is the availability of all the products on time with good customer service. 3.2 Recommend a course of action that achieves the project aim. Skills that need some development Communicating Decision-making Leadership Prioritizing Valuing and Skills need to be achieved. To respond problems, experiences and opportunities from which to learn. To generate ideas without constraints of policy or structure or feasibility. Involving with other people i.e ideas bouncing off them, solving problems as part of a team. Need to have a limelight/high visibility i.e can chair meetings, lead discussion, and give presentations. To be engaging myself in short, activities such as business games, competitive teamwork tasks, role playing exercises. Supporting Others Motivating Analysing Delegating Reporting 3.3 Analyse the impact of the recommendations. Training courses at Shell for career progression. Management Development Programme Includes: Consumer Legislation Customer Service Employment Law Health and Safety Human Resource Management Policies Procedures Opportunity development builds competitive positions by identifying and utilizing opportunities in the environment. Opportunity development is necessary because your existing positions are constantly being degraded by change. Opportunities exist as openings in the environment that allow you to advance your position in the direction of your mission. These openings are usually small, but by taking advantage of the small openings, you eventually position yourself for the big advances you want. Training After the initial audit our ethical trade specialists work with the suppliers to support them through remediation of any issues that are found. Training is offered to suppliers on particular issues and best practice, at regular intervals. Shell is in the process of more than tripling the size of its own ethical trade team that focuses on training and intensive problem solving with its suppliers. These individuals are trained to the highest levels and are equipped to address endemic problems in the supply chain and come up with viable solutions for the suppliers. 4.1 Produce the results of the investigative project. The purpose of this study was to explain the team buildings and teams work in Shell and development of its research work progress within the organization. It also presents suitable analysis of the project management and planning, advisory and project implementation of work. In this report, positive results of theories and its test showed that effective teamwork can lead to a success and achieving critical goals of Shell. It may also be able to gain the sustainability of competitiveness. Moreover, study explains that how team performance can be improved through leadership with project planning to face the upcoming challenges in modern era of business environment Shell operates in. The main result was in the adoption of the learning and training courses within the company in order to prosper and enhance in the future. Shell is one of the leading companies in the world in the chemical an oil sector and it felt pride in taking these training and development steps in order to move forward and to achieve its project aim as a result of the research program. 4.2 Evaluate the impact of the investigative project The future sustainability of any organization heavily depends on the quality of project management to be able to cope with todays dynamic business environment. There is direct co relation between stake holder business project and the people within the firm. Shell is one of the four largest companies in the UK and has been ranked number one of the top 100 graduate employers in the UK and all over the world. The sustainability of Shell competitive advantage of its brightest people is depending on the successful team work and leadership. The best leaders know how to get others to follow and the best team members know how to follow their leaders. REFERENCES BOOKS: Aguilar, F.J. (1967) Scanning the Business Environment. New York: McMillan. Robert , buttrick ,(2005).The project workout: pearso education limited Edinburgh gate Education 3rd (1) pp, 305-350 Strauss, A. Corbin, J, (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. London: Sage. Strauss, A. (1987) Qualitative Analysis For Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Total Quality Management: The route to improving performance by John S. Oakland (Hardcover 15 Mar 1993) Shell employee control hand book 07/08 Personal development as a strategic manager unit 7001: level 7 strategic management and leadership CMI Checklist: Personal development planning Developing strategy for world class business E-learning Your role in improving personal effectiveness Development needs and planning development Web links: www.milum.net 13/12/2009 www.enotes.com 13/12/2009 www.quickmba.com 13/12/2009 www.managers.org.uk 10/12/2009 www.shell.co.uk 20/12/2009

The Confederate States of America :: American America History

The Confederate States of America A culture is the beliefs and interests of a particular group of people. About 150 years ago, a proud and noble culture was created in the Southern portion of the United States. It was created by Southerners from all walks of life, ranging from the gentry to the "good ol' boys." They loved their culture so much that they created a country. It was a country of blue skies, green hills, beautiful meadows and forests, and old-fashioned Southern hospitality. There were large plantations that grew some of the finest crops in the world. Though this country seemed Utopian, its creation soon instituted the bloodiest war in American history, the War For Southern Independence. The beautiful countryside suddenly became a battlefield. The blue skies turned gray with the smoke of rifles and cannons. The blood of Rebels and Yankees stained the grass as the meadows and forests became overwhelmed with the foul stench of death. Johnny Reb fought hard for what he believed in and what he thought to be ri ght. Though the "boys in gray" lost the greatest battle of their lives, they and their ancestors still hold a special place in their hearts for this short-lived nation. This nation was independent for roughly four years, but the legacy of the Confederate States of America will not be forgotten. As far as the Constitution of the Confederate States goes, it was not all that different from that of the United States. One difference is that it enables the president to serve a six-year term, as opposed to a four-year term in the United States. Also, the Confederate Congress is prohibited from placing a protective tariff on imported items and goods. The last major difference is that the Constitution grants more reserved powers to state government. In the United States Constitution, state governments had less of these powers. This was the major cause of the War, because Southern states felt that each state should have more reserved powers. Just as the United States government, the Confederate government was divided into three major branches: legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch was known as the Confederate Congress. The components of the Confederate Congress were a Senate and a House of Representatives. District courts were the primary components of the judicial branch. A supreme court was never established, because of continuing controversy over the matter. The Confederate States of America :: American America History The Confederate States of America A culture is the beliefs and interests of a particular group of people. About 150 years ago, a proud and noble culture was created in the Southern portion of the United States. It was created by Southerners from all walks of life, ranging from the gentry to the "good ol' boys." They loved their culture so much that they created a country. It was a country of blue skies, green hills, beautiful meadows and forests, and old-fashioned Southern hospitality. There were large plantations that grew some of the finest crops in the world. Though this country seemed Utopian, its creation soon instituted the bloodiest war in American history, the War For Southern Independence. The beautiful countryside suddenly became a battlefield. The blue skies turned gray with the smoke of rifles and cannons. The blood of Rebels and Yankees stained the grass as the meadows and forests became overwhelmed with the foul stench of death. Johnny Reb fought hard for what he believed in and what he thought to be ri ght. Though the "boys in gray" lost the greatest battle of their lives, they and their ancestors still hold a special place in their hearts for this short-lived nation. This nation was independent for roughly four years, but the legacy of the Confederate States of America will not be forgotten. As far as the Constitution of the Confederate States goes, it was not all that different from that of the United States. One difference is that it enables the president to serve a six-year term, as opposed to a four-year term in the United States. Also, the Confederate Congress is prohibited from placing a protective tariff on imported items and goods. The last major difference is that the Constitution grants more reserved powers to state government. In the United States Constitution, state governments had less of these powers. This was the major cause of the War, because Southern states felt that each state should have more reserved powers. Just as the United States government, the Confederate government was divided into three major branches: legislative, judicial, and executive branches. The legislative branch was known as the Confederate Congress. The components of the Confederate Congress were a Senate and a House of Representatives. District courts were the primary components of the judicial branch. A supreme court was never established, because of continuing controversy over the matter.

George Rogers Clark Essay -- American History Revolutionary War Essays

George Rogers Clark Who was George Rogers Clark? This is probably a question most people in America couldn't answer. The reason is very simple, George Rogers Clark was a hero in an age of heroism. He simply could not compare with the legends of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and other Revolutionary War heroes. Clark nevertheless is very important, especially to the people of Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana who became apart of the United States of America because of his great leadership and bravery in military campaigns at Kaskaskia, Illinois and Vincennes, Indiana during the Revolutionary War. George Rogers Clark was born in Albermale County, Virginia on November 19, 1752 to John and Ann Rogers Clark. The Clark family consisted of six boys and four girls living on a four hundred acre plantation. George Rogers Clark was not even the most famous person in his family, his younger brother William later came to fame with his good friend Merriwether Lewis for exploring Thomas Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase. The Clark family was very well to do and influential, which enabled them to send young George to very good school, and have him tutored by some of the great minds in the region, like George Mason. George Rogers Clark had three friendships as a child that forever changed and shaped his future as a leader and revolutionary war hero. Thomas Jefferson's father owned a nearby plantation, though there was a nine year age difference between Thomas Jefferson and George Rogers Clark, the two enjoyed a life long friendship. He was also a classmate of James Madison, who would later be a strong supporter of George Rogers Clark and his military campaigns. Last, George Mason, a future Revolutionary war statesman and me... ...ow a great man the respect he deserved. When we learn about Revolutionary war history in school we learn about George Washington, Patrick Henry, and even Nathan Hale. But never is a word spoken about the accomplishments of George Rogers Clark and his small band of soldiers who assisted to the victory in east with their victories at Kaskaskia and Vincennes. Their has not been a serious work written on George Rogers Clark in nearly fifty year, and in schooling he is completely neglected. All of this is wrong, Clark was very important to the Revolutionary War victory and even more vital to opening the gateway to the west. For this reason his legacy and story should not die but instead be passed down to future generations along with the legends of Washington, Henry, Jefferson and all other Revolutionary War hero's without whom we may not be where we are today.

American Pageant Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1 Summary Millions of years ago, the two American continents became geologically separated from the Eastern Hemisphere land masses where humanity originated. The first people to enter these continents came across a temporary land bridge from Siberia about 35,000 years ago. Spreading across the two continents, they developed a great diversity of societies based largely on corn agriculture and hunting, In North America, their societies were less numerous and urbanized than in South America, though some peoples like the Pueblo and Iroquois developed complex social orders.The impetus for European colonization came from the desire for new trade routes to the East, the spirit and technological discoveries of the Renaissance, and the power of the new European national monarchies. The European encounters with America and Africa, beginning with the Portuguese and Spanish explorers, convulsed the entire world. Biological change, disease, population loss, conquest, slavery, cultural cha nge, and economic expansion were just some of the consequences of the commingling of two ecosystems.After they conquered and then intermarried with Indians of the great civilizations of South America and Mexico, the Spanish conquistadors expanded northward into the northern border territories of Florida, New Mexico and California. There they established small but permanent settlements in competition with the French and English explorers who were also venturing into North America Identification Chapter 1 1. Extended period when glaciers covered most of the North American continent 2. Staple Crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations 3. Important Mississippian culture site, near present East St.Louis, Illinois. 4. First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa 5. Flourishing West African kingdom that had its capital and university at Timbuktu 6. Mistaken term that European explorers gave to American lands because of the false belief that they were off the coast of Asia 7. Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains 8. Among the major European diseases that devastated Native American populations after 1492 (name two) 9. Disease originating in Americas that was transmitted to Europeans after 1492 10.Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal 11. Wealthy capital of the Aztec empire 12. Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry 13. Indian uprising in New Mexico caused by Spanish efforts to suppress Indian religion 14. Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish conquerors 15. Roman Catholic religious order of friars that organized a chain of missions in California Chapter 1 MC 1. The geologically oldest mountains in North America are A. the Appalachians B. the Rockies C. the Cascades D. he Sierra Nevada 2. The Indian peoples of the New World A. developed no advanced forms of civilization B. w ere divided into many diverse culture speaking more than two thousand different languages C. were all organized into the two large empires of the Incas and the Aztecs D. relied primarily on nomadic herding of domesticated animals for their sustenance 3. The Iroquois Confederacy remained a strong political military influence until A. The Spanish conquest of the Americas B. The fur trade was wiped out in the early 1700s C. The French and Indian War D. The American Revolution . Among the important forces that first stimulated European interest in trade and discovery was A, the Christian crusaders who brought back a taste for the silks and spices of Asia B. the Arab slaver traders on the east coast of Africa C. the Scandinavian sailors who had kept up continuous trade contacts with North America D. the division of Spain into small kingdoms competing for wealth and power 5. Among the most important American Indian products to spread to the Old World were A. animals such as buffalo and ho rses B. technologies such as the compass and the wheel C. conomic systems such as plantation agriculture and livestock raising D. foodstuffs such as maize, beans, and tomatoes 6. The primary staples of Indian agriculture were A. potatoes, beets, and barley B. rice, manioc, and peanuts C. maize, beans, and squash D. wheat, oats, and corn 7. The number of Indians in North America at the time Columbus arrived was approximately A. one million B. four million C. twenty million D. two hundred and fifty million 8. Before Columbus arrived, the only Europeans to have temporarily visited North America were A. The Greeks B. The Irish C. The Norse D. The Italians 9.The Portuguese were the first to enter the slave trade and establish large-scale plantation using slave labor in A. B. C. D. West Africa The Atlantic Sugar Islands The West Indies Brazil 10. Much of the impetus for Spanish exploration and pursuit of glory came from Spain’s recent A. successful wars with England B. national uni fication and expulsion of the Muslim Moors C. voyages of discovery along the coast of Africa D. conversion to Roman Catholicism 11. A crucial political development that paved the way for the European colonization of America was A. the rise of Italian city-states like Venice and GenoaB. the feudal nobles’ political domination of the merchant class C. the rise of the centralized national monarchies such as that of Spain D. the political alliance between the Christian papacy and Muslim traders 12. The primary reason for the drastic decline in the Indian population after the encounter with the European was A. the rise of intertribal warfare B. the Indian’s lack of resistance to European diseases such as smallpox and malaria C. the sharp decline in the Mexican birthrate D. the sudden introduction of the deadly disease syphilis to the New World 13.Cortes and his men were able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochitlan partly because A. They had larger forces than the Aztecs B. The Aztec ruler Montezuma believed that Cortes was a god whose return had been predicted C. The Aztecs were peace-loving people who did not believe in war or conquest D. The city of Tenochitlan already had been devastated by a disease epidemic 14. The primary early colonial competitor with Spain in the New World was A. Portugal B. Italy C. France D. England 15. The belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good is called A. he encomienda B. the mission of civilization C. the Evil Empire D. the Black Legend D. Matching people, places, and Events Chapter 1 __1. Ferdinand and Isabella A. Female Indian slave who served as an interpreter for Cortes __ 2. Cortes and Pizarro B. Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederacy __ 3. Lake Bonneville C. Wealthy capital of the Aztec empire __ 4. Dias and da Gama D. Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus’s voyages to the New World __ 5. Columbus E. Portuguese Navigators who sail ed around the African coast __ 6. Malinche F. Founded in 1565, the oldest continually inhabitedEuropean settlement in United States territory __ 7. Montezuma G. Italian-born navigator sent by English to explore North American Coast in 1498 __ 8. Hiawatha H. Italian-born explorer who thought that he had arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on unknown continents __ 9. Tenochtitlan I. Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors __ 10. St. Augustine J. Spanish conquerors of great Indian civilizations __ 11. John Cabot K. Franciscan missionary who settled California __ 12. Junipero Serra L. Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake

The Female Economy: Article Review

Citation Silverstein, M. J. , and Sayre, K. (2009, September). The Female Economy. Harvard Business Review. Summary The article begins by stating that â€Å"women now drive the world economy. † It goes on to discuss how women now represent a large portion of consumer spending, and that portion is expected to grow. Silverstein and Sayre discuss how companies are not taking seriously the fact that they may not have the best strategy when it comes to marketing towards the female market. They underestimate or flat out ignore the female consumer. Dell is used as an example of such companies. The article discusses Dell’s failed attempt market laptops specifically to women. In May of 2009, it launched Della website, complete with a â€Å"make it pink† motto and topics based on female stereotypes. Instead of appealing to the women, it actually caused an uproar among them. Women felt the site was condescending. They posted blogs everywhere expressing their disgust towards the site. Even though Dell was quick to react to making the necessary corrections, Silverstein and Sayre question why their marketers failed to see the potential problems before the site went up. The authors then discuss a 2008 study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group. More than 12,000 different women in all areas of life were asked 120 questions about their finances, education, careers, relationships, activities and hobbies, fears, and also their spending patterns and shopping behavior. The study revealed that women were grossly underserved and there was lots of room for improvement. They continue to be undervalued even though they have great market power and social position. Women have many demands on them juggling work, family, and home, and few companies have taken action on their need for products and services designed specifically for women and for time saving solutions. Reaction Companies need to realize and understand the buying power that females possess. They represent one of the largest market opportunities ever. Until recently, companies believed their marketing strategies were equally effective to women and men. That proved to be an incorrect assumption. Women approach big ticket purchasing completely differently than men do. They base their decisions on a different set of perceptions, priorities and preferences. Companies should be combining insight on female gender culture with solid marketing know-how and develop strategies that attract women’s business. Effectively targeting women leads to higher customer satisfaction among both men and women. Companies like BMW, Wyndham Hotels and Merrill Lynch have found that improvements designed to enhance brand appeal among women actually deliver greater customer satisfaction among men, too. When you meet the expectations of women, companies  exceed the expectations of men. Marketing to women delivers a better return on the marketing dollar through both greater opportunity and greater impact. While in many categories the traditional male targets are saturated, the corresponding women’s segments are untapped and virtually uncontested by competition. The authors effectively bring to light the wrong approach that companies are taking when it comes to marketing to women. Simply adding pink to the campaign, which many companies erroneously do, will not suffice. They need to go back to the drawing boards. Services and products need to fill the gap. Companies need to aim their marketing efforts to women by seeing them as employees, managers, investors, and buyers.

A Comparative Study of Consumers Prefernce for Big Retailers Against Small Departmental Stores

ASSIGNMENT OF : RESEARCH OBJECTIVE : â€Å"A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONSUMERS PREFERENCE TOWARDS BIG RETAILERS AGAINST SMALL DEPARTMENTAL STORES . † SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY TUTOR BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS REGD NO. 11209876 SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ARTS LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION â€Å"Unorganized retailing† is defined as an outlet run locally by the owner or caretaker of a shop that lacks technical and accounting standardization. The supply chain and sourcing are also done locally to meet local needs.Its organized counterpart may not obtain its supplies from local sources. Indian retail is dominated by a large number of small retailers consisting of the local kiryana shops, owner-manned general stores, chemists, footwear shops, apparel shops, paan and beedi shops, hand-cart hawkers, pavement vendors, etc. which together make up the so-called â€Å"unorganized retail† or â€Å"traditional retail†. â€Å"Organized retail† is nothing bu t a retail place where all the items are segregated and brought under one roof, unlike the unorganized retail where there are different things are sold in different shops.It also aims to bring maximum of different brands making the same type of product together. In India there has been a huge growth in organized retail since 2002-03 and this is associated with the growth in the economy and the attendant rise in consumption spending. The last 3-4 years have witnessed the entry of a number of organized retailers opening stores in various modern formats in metros and other important cities. Organized retailing has begun to tap the enormous market but its share indeed is small. A number of large business houses have entered the retail business with very ambitious expansion plans.Big foreign retailers are also keen to invest in India but their entry depends on changes in the government’s FDI policy regarding retailing. Organized retailing played a significant role in the present-d ay developed countries during their period of high growth. Since the early 1990s, it is also contributing substantially to the growth of developing countries. In India, organized retail is poised to make a mark in the near future. Modern retail sector is at the crossroads where the growth of organized retailing and growth in the consumption by the Indian population is going to take a higher growth trajectory.It is undergoing a major transformation as entry of global players and watchful expansion by major Indian retailers has opened new vistas of joint ventures, tie-ups and franchise offering new formats, services, private labels, locations and recently to diverge from metros to smaller towns, Arvind Singhal Chairman Techno pak Advisors has rightly said that, â€Å"A lot of international retailers and brands are most likely to look at India, as global markets have stabilized and the Indian economy has proved to be better than most other countries†.With the changing retail sce nario the consumers are bound to look beyond traditional retail stores towards organized outlets may be with some reservations. This necessitates study of the factors which influence the consumers to move towards the organized retailing from unorganized one besides most prioritized attributes which attract the consumers towards either of them. Retailing in India is one of the pillars of its economy and accounts for 14 to 15% of its GDP.The Indian retail market is estimated to be US$ 450 billion and one of the top five retail markets in the world by economic value. India is one of the fastest growing retail markets in the world, with 1. 2 billion people. India's retailing industry is essentially owner manned small shops. In 2010, larger format convenience stores and supermarkets accounted for about 4% of the industry, and these were present only in large urban centers. India's retail and logistics industry employs about 40 million Indians (3. 3% of Indian population).Until 2011, Indi an central government denied foreign direct investment (FDI) in multibrand retail, forbidding foreign groups from any ownership in supermarkets, convenience stores or any retail outlets. Even single-brand retail was limited to 51% ownership and a bureaucratic process. In November 2011, India's central government announced retail reforms for both multi-brand stores and single-brand stores. These market reforms paved the way for retail innovation and competition with multi-brand retailers such as Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco, as well single brand majors such as IKEA, Nike, and Apple.The announcement sparked intense activism, both in opposition and in support of the reforms. In December 2011, under pressure from the opposition, Indian government placed the retail reforms on hold till it reaches a consensus. In January 2012, India approved reforms for single-brand stores welcoming anyone in the world to innovate in Indian retail market with 100% ownership, but imposed the requirement th at the single brand retailer source 30% of its goods from India.Indian government continues the hold on retail reforms for multi-brand stores. IKEA announced in January that it is putting on hold its plan to open stores in India because of the 30% requirement. Fitch believes that the 30% requirement is likely to significantly delay if not prevent most single brand majors from Europe, USA and Japan from opening stores and creating associated jobs in India. LITERATURE REVIEW Many studies have been undertaken to understand and analyze the changing consumer preference for organized retail outlet: Baker and Haytko (2000) in their qualitative study of teen girls and their mall shopping experiences, find that the teens are looking for stores that carry specific merchandise, especially the latest fashions. â€Å"Coolness† of the mall is tied to the types of clothes and the merchandise the stores carried. * (Pachauri Moneesha, 2001), attempt to develop a framework for studying consume r behavior by considering the evolution of the field of consumer research and the different theories of consumer buying behavior that have influenced the consumer preference.India is on the threshold of a revolution in its retail industry, and if managed cleverly, it would pay handsome returns beyond retailers' expectations * (Mangleburg et al. , 2004). ) teens like to â€Å"hang-out† at malls and meet their friends Indeed, the social aspects of the mall, such as visiting and shopping with friends, are major activities for teens. * Pan and Zinkhan (2006) found only gender as a key predictor of frequency of store visit—women visit the store more often than men.Other studies also found gender to be a major predictor of shopping behavior, with women playing a more significant role in retail shopping, especially in traditional societies. * (Mishra S. Mridula, 2007). The changing consumption patterns trigger changes in retail styles of consumers, for consumers, the shopping mall or variant of organized retail format is the preferred type of retail store, due to convenience and variety. * Singh (2007) had concluded that production oriented market has been shifting towards consumer oriented market. Traditional consumption pattern has also been facing large-scale changes.The study pointed out that the degree of brand awareness of various food products among urban respondents is more in comparison to the rural consumers. * Arshad et al. ,( 2007) have found that dynamics of the demographics, double income, urbanization and internet revolution tilt the consumer’s preference towards organized retail outlets. * Mathew and Gupta (2008) while studying the impact of organized retailing on traditional retailing observed that with the increase in number of various formats for shopping like malls, departmental stores, hypermarkets etc. the Indian consumer’s preferences are changing towards these. * (Paromita Goswami & Mishra S. Mridula, 2009). Custome r patronage to grocery stores was found to be positively related to location, helpful, trustworthy salespeople, home retail, cleanliness, offers, quality and negatively related to travel convenience. Kiranas do well on location but poorly on cleanliness, offers, quality, and helpful trustworthy salespeople. The converse is true for organized retailers. Tender and Crispen, (2009) studied the influence of in-store shopping environment on impulsive buying among consumers and the results show that among poor consumers, economics factors such as cheaper prices, coupons and helpful shop assistants were more likely to influence impulsive buying. On the other hand, factors with an atmospheric effect such as music, fresh scent and ventilation may have only been important in helping to keep consumers longer in shops although they were unlikely to directly influence impulsive buying. Ghosh and Tripathi (2010), attempted to analyze purchase pattern of customers towards organized retail outlets in terms of merchandise categories purchased, time spent within the store, number of merchandise purchased on each visit, stores switching behavior and store attribute. The results of the study depicted that the younger generation has greater tendency to visit organized retail outlets. The shoppers which remained within a store for at least two hours considered shopping to be a stress releaser and fun activity.The commonly purchased items from a retail outlet are garments followed by groceries, lifestyle products and household appliances. The study further reveals that customers in tier 2 and tier 3 cities evaluate a store on convenience and merchandise mix, store atmosphere and services * Urvashi, Gupta (2012) in her study in Jammu. RNCOS (2009) has stated that as per â€Å"Global Convenience Store Market Analysis†, changing consumer preferences, lifestyle and rising income level, which is heavily influenced by economic growth, remains the major driving force for c-store ind ustry in the Asian region. Purohit and kavita (2012) according there studies that the traditional retailers are not very much clear about the consequences of the modern retailing the traditional retailers are netural or undecided, modern retailing will cut the profit margin of the traditional retailers; the modern retailing will lead healthy competition in the market, modern retailing will reduce the sales volume of the traditional retailers and traditional retailers should improve customer care services in the era of modern retailing.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: â€Å"A comparative study of consumers preference for big retailers against small departmental stores at cc departmental store lpu. † For this study an interview was conducted and for this we visited the owner of cc departmental store at lpu and discussed various problems faced by him. The major problem he focused on was that his sales were declined because of the shifting consumers preferences from d epartmental stores to wanabuy mall located at lpu.He discussed various other problems also like promotion is banned due to policies of lpu, inventory management etc. So to look into this matter this survey is conducted and the results will be analysed later. There is a need to study shifting preferences of consumers towards various retail formats. Whether there is any relation between the demographic profile of the consumers and preferred retail format and does income besides other family attributes play a role in selection of the retail formats are some of the questions require a probe in.One of the objectives set for this study is to identify the factors that influence the choice of organized retail trade. For this purpose, the choice of retail store will be studied along with demographic factors like gender, age, qualification, occupation, annual income and location of the respondents. This present study will be conducted with a purpose of understanding the changes taking place i n the minds of consumers towards modern retail formats and traditional retailers. POPULATION: In my study the population will be all the students and staff embers of lovely professional university. SAMPLE: Primary data will be collected from 60 respondents which will include (40 students and 20 staff members). These respondents will be selected by convenience sampling technique of probability random sampling. Secondary data will be collected from various journals, books, articles, newspapers. QUESTIONNARE: A structured questionnaire will be prepared in which there will be questions asked to respondents related to their visits in departmrntal stores and big retails and various scales will be used i. Likert scale, and the questions wil be of open ended and multiple choice questions. The purpose of this study will be to grab the preferences of consumers, whether they like to visit small stores or big organized retails and what is the main reason for their shifting preferences. It will be helpful for both the organized as well as unorganized retailers. REFERENCES: * Baker, Julie, and Diana Haytko (2000), â€Å"The Mall as Entertainment: Exploring Teen Girls’ Total Shopping Experiences,† Journal of Shopping Center Research, 7(1): 29-58. Pachauri Moneesha (2001). Consumer Behaviour:a Literature Review. The Marketing Review, 2(3), 319-355. * Arshad, S. A. (2007) â€Å"Issues in Retailing†, Research in Management and Technology, Ed. by Aneet and Ramanjeet Singh, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. , pp 109-118. * Singh, H. (2007) â€Å"Consumer Awareness and Consumption Pattern of Food products in Haryana†, Journal of IMS group, Vol. 3, No 1, pp 24-33 * Mishra S. Mridula (2007). The Consumption Pattern of Indian Consumers Choice between Traditional and Organized Retail. Retrieved Feb. 1, 2012, from http://ssrn. com/abstract=994238 * Goswami, P. and Mishra, M. S. (2008) â€Å"Would Indian consumers move from kirana stores to organized reta ilers when shopping for groceries? † Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp 127-143. * Tender, M and Crispen, C. (2009) â€Å"In-store shopping environment an impulsive buying†, African Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 1(4), pp 102-108 * Goswami Paromita & Mishra S. Mridula (2009). Would Indian Consumers Move from kirana Stores to Organized Retailers When Retail for Groceries?.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 21(1), 127-143. * Ghosh, P. et. al. , (2010) â€Å"Customer expectations of store attributes: A study of organized retail outlets in India†, Journal of Retail & Leisure Property, Vol. 9, No 1, pp 75–87 * Gupta, Urvashi (2012), â€Å"Impact of Organized Retailing on Unorganized Sector†, A study in Jammu Region. International Journal of Research in Commerce, IT & Management, Vol. 2(2012), No 01, pp 112-15. * India Retail Report (2009) â€Å"The India Retail Story† www. indiaretailing. om/in diaretailreport- 2009-detailed-summary. pdf * â€Å"Indian retail: The supermarket’s last frontier†. The Economist. 3rd December 2011. http://www. economist. com/node/21541017 * â€Å"India Goes Wild Over Wal-Mart†. The Wall Street Journal. November 29 2011. http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052970203802204577066501218085104. html? mod=googlenews_wsj * â€Å"A good retail decision badly sold†. India Today. 3 December 2011. http://indiatoday. intoday. in/story/fdi-in-multibrand-retail-congress-cpim-bjpinflation/1/162586. html